Hyponatremia (HB)

Hyponatremia is a condition where the amount of sodium (salt) in the blood is too low. We regulate our water levels in the body based on the amount of sodium. As the levels of sodium increase, the kidneys get rid of excess water through our urine. But if the sodium falls, we will retain water. When the sodium falls too low, the body will keep water in places that it should not be. It puts too much water around the cells, and this causes swelling. If severe, it can cause Increasing ICP in the brain as well as fluid in the lungs.

Any condition that causes the loss of electrolytes that can’t be easily replaced can cause this. This condition includes prolonged vomiting and diarrhea, prolonged or strenuous exercise (sweating), Poor diet or insufficient food intake to meet the body’s demand, or excessive water intake.

Any medical or environmental condition that can lead to or affect any of the above causes increases the potential to develop hyponatremia. The most likely medical reasons are diabetes, thyroid disorders, certain medications, alcohol and drugs, energy drinks with excessive caffeine and sugar.

Prevention

A properly balanced intake of nutrition and hydration, based on activity level and the environment will prevent hyponatremia.

Signs and Symptoms

Early signs

• Muscle cramps or weakness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Lethargy, or low energy
• Headache and confusion
• Increase urine output and or clear urine

Late signs

• Mental status changes
• Seizures
• Obtaining a good history is very important to help confirm any suspicion of hyponatremia. Pay particular attention to the patient’s water intake and output, the type and amount of food intake, exertion level, weather conditions, and acclimatization.

Treatment

The primary goal in treating hyponatremia is to increase the amount of sodium in the blood. You can simply do this by getting the patient to eat something salty. Any easy to eat food that has more sodium in it than we would/should typically eat is a good option. Salt and Vinegar chips, peanuts, pretzels, and fruit with salt on it are good choices to restore salts.